Seriousness and the Escape from Freedom
Being and NothingnessThis thematic thread follows how people treat values as external facts to avoid responsibility for sustaining them.
increasing
Bearing strength in each event
decreasing
Values as Demands

Values as Demands
Claims on Freedom
Values appear as demands that require a foundation. They cannot receive their authority from mere existence without ceasing to be values.
Dependence
A free being recognizes value by acting, yet this dependence makes value's authority uneasy and contingent.
Everyday Morality

Everyday Morality
Values in the World
Ordinary conduct encounters values as ready demands: rules, signs, expectations, and social judgments. Their origin in freedom is not usually noticed.
Reassurance
The world seems to provide its own moral order, shielding people from the fact that their acts sustain that order.
The Serious Man

The Serious Man
Objectified Obligations
The serious person treats values as things in the world and defines himself through the objects or roles to which he is committed.
Bad Faith
By attributing his obligations to external reality, he hides the freedom that gives them meaning and urgency.
The Cost of Sincerity

The Cost of Sincerity
Impossible Coincidence
Sincerity demands that a person be exactly what he is. But consciousness cannot coincide with itself as an in-itself.
Reversal
The effort to become an object for oneself repeats the evasions of bad faith, turning sincerity into another escape from freedom.
Values Without Excuse

Values Without Excuse
Free Foundation
The person who recognizes that values depend on freedom cannot appeal to them as an external justification for action.
Ethical Consequence
The world still makes claims, but the agent must assume responsibility for how those claims are interpreted and sustained.
Part Two, Chapter One, Section III, account of value
Part One, Chapter One, Section V, discussion of immediate life
Part One, Chapter One, discussion of seriousness
Part One, Chapter Two, Section II
Part One, Chapter One, discussion of anguish and ethics